• SAP SE average return on tangible equity for 2023 was 47.85, a 32.9% decline from 2022.
• SAP SE average return on tangible equity for 2022 was 71.31, a 122.03% decline from 2021.
• SAP SE average return on tangible equity for 2021 was -323.73, a 133.45% decline from 2020.

Return on tangible equity can be defined as the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity, after subtracting intangible assets, goodwill and preferred equity.