• Visa average price/book ratio for 2023 was 11.23, a 8.08% increase from 2022.
• Visa average price/book ratio for 2022 was 10.39, a 7.31% increase from 2021.
• Visa average price/book ratio for 2021 was 11.21, a 10.77% decline from 2020.

Price/book ratio can be defined as