• Rakuten average ebitda margin for 2023 was 1.15%, a 123.42% increase from 2022.
• Rakuten average ebitda margin for 2022 was -4.91%, a 420.92% decline from 2021.
• Rakuten average ebitda margin for 2021 was 1.53%, a 62.41% decline from 2020.

Ebitda margin can be defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization as a portion of total revenue.