• Kroger average return on investment for 2023 was 9.23, a 5.04% increase from 2022.
• Kroger average return on investment for 2022 was 9.72, a 36.52% decline from 2021.
• Kroger average return on investment for 2021 was 7.12, a 35.39% increase from 2020.

Roi - return on investment can be defined as an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its assets invested by shareholders and long-term bond holders. Calculated by dividing a company's operating earnings by its long-term debt and shareholders equity.